VOCABULARY
General Geography
World - Planet Earth holds all of the continents and oceans
Continents - Larger land masses that hold all of the Earth's countries (North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Antarctica)
Countries - Continents are divided into smaller areas called countries (North America holds 3 large countries and several smaller countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, El Salvador, Panama)
States - Countries are divided into smaller areas called states (50 states in the U.S.: Texas, California, Florida, etc)
Cities -States are divided up into smaller parts called cities (Houston, Katy, Austin, Dallas, Waco)
Mountains - Major land formations of rock and earth formed by the crashing of two tectonic plates (Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains)
Rivers - Major land formations formed either naturally or by humans that provide water transportation to and from cities and larger bodies of water within the U.S. (Mississippi River, Rio Grande River, Ohio River)
People
Roger Williams - founded the Rhode Island Colony
Anne Hutchinson - founded the Rhode Island Colony
William Penn - founded the Pennsylvania Colony for Quakers, lots of religious tolerance
Thomas Hooker - fled Massachusetts and founded the Connecticut Colony
John Locke - Philosopher who originated the idea of natural rights given to us by the Creator: life, liberty, property
James Oglethorpe - founded the Georgia Colony, debtor's colony
William Bradford - Massachusetts Colony, Pilgrim
John Winthrop - Massachusetts Colony, Pilgrim
Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert) - a founder of the Maryland Colony for Catholics fleeing religious persecution
Crispus Attucks - first African American (and colonists killed as part of the beginnings of the American Revolution) at the Boston Massacre
Patrick Henry - a member of the Sons of Liberty, a patriot, famous "Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death" speech
Benjamin Franklin - an inventor, a statesman (involved in political things), a member of the Sons of Liberty, a future American Ambassador to France
Samuel Adams - a member of the Sons of Liberty, a patriot
Paul Revere - a member of the Sons of Liberty, a patriot, known for his famous Boston Massacre print, known for his famous "Midnight Ride" warning of the British coming to shore
Thomas Jefferson - Virginia, statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd U.S. President
Thomas Paine - political activists, author, philosopher, patriot, write Common Sense to drum up support for the Revolutionary War
Exploration and Settlement
P.E.R.S. - everything we study in this class and throughout history falls into a political cause/effect, economic cause/effect, religious cause/effect, or a social cause/effect
Christopher Columbus - Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and discovered the Caribbean (Cuba area) in 1492 effectively starting the colonization race of North America as we know it in the U.S.
Columbian Exchange - the exchange of ideas, goods, people, diseases, animals, foods, and much more from the Old World to the New World and back.
Causes of European Exploration - many European countries needed colonies around the world to promote their ways of life and/or get rich on resources. Religion, Economics, and Becoming famous are major reasons for exploration of the world which lead to colonization
Effects of European Exploration - exploration usually leads to colonization. Immigrants have brought with them their cultural ideologies, their religions, foods, and so on which have helped to shape many areas of North America and Europe.
1607 - the year Jamestown Settlement was founded in Virginia
Jamestown - the first American (British) colony founded in 1607 along the James River of what is now the state of Virginia.
Pocahontas - The Native American princess of the Powhatan tribe who befriended Capt. John Smith and was able to communicate effectively with the English settlers. She played an important role in the early survival of Jamestown.
Capt. John Smith - the English captain who became friends with Pocahontas and ultimately led the colony
John Rolfe - colonists who eventually married Pocahontas and took her back to Great Britain
Mercantilism - the economic policy enacted by Great Britain that states: all of its colonies are created and survive only to benefit the Mother Country, which of course is Great Britain. All resources and profits are property of the Mother Country.
Triangular Trade - The trade system from Europe, to Africa, then to North America. The middle leg (2) was called the Middle Passage because it was the part of the triangle where slaves were transported
Middle Passage - The second part (leg) of the Triangle Trade where slaves were brought from Africa to North America
Indentured Servants - A person who owes a debt and is someone's servant (like a slave perhaps) for only a period of time until such debt is paid. There were indentured servants who were brought from Europe to North America and then eventually freed.
Slaves - someone who is forced to work without pay and has almost no chance of freedom
Motives for Settlement - People needed to find work (jobs), land for their families, new starts, to escape debt and other troubles, to escape religious persecution, some people might have viewed resettlement as an adventure
Political Freedom - Having the ability and will to be an active part of your government aside from its leadership, people wanted to escape the tyranny of their home countries such as Great Britain and the king, Spain and its monarchy, etc. People wanted to govern themselves collectively.
Economic Opportunity - People need jobs and they don't want to be told by the government what, where, how much, or who to sell to. People wanted the ability to create their own fortune and successes without interference from government.
Religious Freedom - People wanted to be able to worship who and they way they pleased without interference from the government. Catholics and Protestants, Jews, Quakers, Mormons, and so on moved from Europe to practice their religion without persecution.
Social Mobility - People wanted the ability to pick up and leave as they needed, and for whatever reason
People wanted the opportunity to move from one place to another and either occupy their same social classes (those that were happy where they were) or have the opportunity to move vertically (up) in social class and status by changing locations. If a person stayed in the same class as they were before it is called horizontal mobility and if they moved up it is called vertical mobility.
Cash Crop - a plant (crop) that is grown and harvested for the sole purpose of making money buy selling or trading it for money or other goods. Tobacco and cotton were two of America's premier (greatest) cash crops.
Import - to buy goods from another country, to bring them in to your country
Export - to sell goods to another country, goods exit your country
Profit - when you sell more than you buy, when you export more than you import
Separatists - Someone who separates from their home country for a particular reason. The Pilgrims/Puritans of Massachusetts Colony were considered Separatists because they wanted to separate from the influence of the Church of England.
Subsistence Agriculture (Farming) - Farmers who grow just enough good for themselves, generally not to sell, only consume. Very small operations.
Primary Sources - a source someone would use as evidence when presenting a speech, story, paper, etc. Primary sources are first-hand knowledge (first-hand accounts are diaries, letters written by witnesses, interviews of witnesses, etc.)
Secondary Sources - also a source someone would use as evidence when presenting ideas in the forms of papers, speeches, and stories, etc. However, a secondary source is a source of someone with knowledge of an event but not necessarily someone who participated in or were at the event when it happened (someone who heard the story from their dad about their grandpa).
Pathways to the American Revolution
Great Awakening - religious revivals in America during the early 1700s where people began turning back to God for guidance and knowledge by hearing sermons at large gatherings
Enlightenment - Time period during the early 1700s where people began using logic and reasoning, science, to gain knowledge and understanding of the world around them rather than religion
John Locke - Philosopher who pushed the ideas that all humans were born with natural rights of equality, life, liberty, property just because they were born by their creator that no government can take away
Unalienable Rights - Ideas coming from the works of John Locke that Thomas Jefferson used in the Declaration of Independence. Everyone is entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Civic Virtue - acting for the greater good of the whole country rather than as a small group or individual
Natural Rights - Rights someone is born with given to them by the Creator of Man (Providence) that cannot be taken away
Self Governing - Colonists wanted to rule or govern themselves rather than have Great Britain control their every move. They believed they understood their problems more than a mother country 3,000 miles away
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - The first set of written laws in the 13 Colonies started in Connecticut when several different towns came together and decided to set basic rules for themselves as a whole group
Salutary Neglect - The act where the British did not effectively enforce their trade and other economic-driven laws because they were dealing with their own problems in Europe. The Colonists got so used to governing themselves and fending for themselves that they no longer believed they needed guidance from Britain.
Virginia House of Burgesses - The first representative government body in the 13 Colonies in Virginia
Colonial Assemblies - They got their start at the Virginia House of Burgesses. These were legislative bodies (like our Congress) made up of citizen representatives that helped to shape laws
Magna Carta - In 1215, English King John was forced by his barons (noble elite people) to sign the document that limited the king's power. King John was threatened that if he did not sign, the barons would take him off the throne by force.
July 4, 1776 - The signing of the Declaration of Independence, the day the Americans made it official. We have to win the war first though, to actually gain our independence
Crispus Attucks - see above
Benjamin Franklin - see above
Samuel Adams - see above
John Adams - see above
Paul Revere - see above
Thomas Jefferson - see above
Thomas Paine - see above
Boycott - To intentionally not buy British goods in order to economically hurt the "Mother Country," in protest of abusive taxes and tyranny
Tyranny - Cruel and oppressive (harmful) government rule. King George III ruled in a tyrannical way throughout his empire.
Patriot - A colonist who is in support of the efforts of the Americans to gain independence from the British
Loyalist - A colonists who stays loyal to the British during the American Revolution
Colonial Grievances - A list of problems, issues, the colonists wanted King George to correct. They pleaded with him to fix these abuses at the First Continental Congress with no success.
Committees of Correspondence - a shadowy and secret effort by colonists and the Sons of Liberty to send messages (letters and such) about the evils of the British to other colonies and foreign governments. They played a huge role in the propaganda campaign against the British.
Sons of Liberty - A protest group of patriots who made many efforts successfully to disrupt and cause harm to British rule in the colonies through mob riots, tarring and feathering, and property damage. They tried to encourage independence from Britain.
Albany Plan of Union - In 1754, Benjamin Franklin introduced is "Join or Die" political cartoon to get a united government in the colonies
French and Indian War - A war between the French and their Indian allies against the British, British colonists, and their Indian allies over land in the Ohio River Valley, and control of the fur trade. This war was won by the British, but caused major debt and was the first step in the lead up to the American Revolution.
Proclamation of 1763 - King George III went back on a promise to allow the 13 colonies to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Ohio River Valley for fear that re-settlement would lead to another war with the Indians.
Treaty of Paris of 1763 - The treaty that ended the French and Indian War
Sugar Act - Tax on sugar and molasses by the British
Quartering Act - Law that required colonists to house and feed British troops in their homes. The colonists HATED this.
Stamp Act - Tax on paper goods by the British
Townshend Acts - Revenue Tax on paper, lead, paint, glass, tea
Boston Massacre - British fired on colonists in Boston in 1770 during a protest against the British. Paul Revere's print about the event lead to widespread distrust and hatred of the British across the colonies. This was a major step in the lead up to the American Revolution.
Tea Act - Tax on tea by the British
Boston Tea Party - Sons of Liberty dressed up as Indians and climbed aboard ships and threw British tea into the Boston harbor to protest the new British Tea Act
Intolerable/Coercive Acts - the results or punishment of the colonists by the British for the Boston Tea Party. 1. Closed the Boston Harbor, 2. Pay back the cost of tea, 3. Expanded the Quartering Act, 4. No Town Meetings
First Continental Congress - the secret meeting of delegates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774 from all the colonies except for Georgia to discuss the next step in the abuses of the British toward the colonies. They want to give peace another chance. They make their list of grievances to King George III who ignores them.
Lexington and Concord - British came to take colonists' guns in Lexington, Massachusetts in April 1775. No one knows who fired the "shot heard 'round the world," but it was the first shot and first battle of the American Revolution. The colonies declare their independence as a result of this.
Common Sense - pamphlet (like a telegram/magazine) discussing American need for independence. It was written by Thomas Paine, a patriot, and one of the Sons of Liberty. It was one of the most if not THE MOST influential document in convincing colonists to side with the Americans in gaining independence.
Second Continental Congress - 1775, all colonies except for Georgia meet in again in Philadelphia to discuss declaring independence after Lexington and Concord. The document is written by Thomas Jefferson and signed by 56 men who are putting their lives on the line by signing because they immediately become rebels and traitors to Great Britain.
Declaration of Independence - finished and signed on July 4, 1776, officially declaring colonial independence from Great Britain. They aren't actually officially independent though until they fight and win the American Revolution.
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
GOVERNMENT
Articles of Confederation
Constitution
Unalienable
Republican
Compromise
Federalism
Federalist
Anti-Federalist
Federalist-Papers
Convention
Ratification (Ratify)
Daniel Shays
Shays's Rebellion
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
World - Planet Earth holds all of the continents and oceans
Continents - Larger land masses that hold all of the Earth's countries (North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Antarctica)
Countries - Continents are divided into smaller areas called countries (North America holds 3 large countries and several smaller countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, El Salvador, Panama)
States - Countries are divided into smaller areas called states (50 states in the U.S.: Texas, California, Florida, etc)
Cities -States are divided up into smaller parts called cities (Houston, Katy, Austin, Dallas, Waco)
Mountains - Major land formations of rock and earth formed by the crashing of two tectonic plates (Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains)
Rivers - Major land formations formed either naturally or by humans that provide water transportation to and from cities and larger bodies of water within the U.S. (Mississippi River, Rio Grande River, Ohio River)
People
Roger Williams - founded the Rhode Island Colony
Anne Hutchinson - founded the Rhode Island Colony
William Penn - founded the Pennsylvania Colony for Quakers, lots of religious tolerance
Thomas Hooker - fled Massachusetts and founded the Connecticut Colony
John Locke - Philosopher who originated the idea of natural rights given to us by the Creator: life, liberty, property
James Oglethorpe - founded the Georgia Colony, debtor's colony
William Bradford - Massachusetts Colony, Pilgrim
John Winthrop - Massachusetts Colony, Pilgrim
Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert) - a founder of the Maryland Colony for Catholics fleeing religious persecution
Crispus Attucks - first African American (and colonists killed as part of the beginnings of the American Revolution) at the Boston Massacre
Patrick Henry - a member of the Sons of Liberty, a patriot, famous "Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death" speech
Benjamin Franklin - an inventor, a statesman (involved in political things), a member of the Sons of Liberty, a future American Ambassador to France
Samuel Adams - a member of the Sons of Liberty, a patriot
Paul Revere - a member of the Sons of Liberty, a patriot, known for his famous Boston Massacre print, known for his famous "Midnight Ride" warning of the British coming to shore
Thomas Jefferson - Virginia, statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd U.S. President
Thomas Paine - political activists, author, philosopher, patriot, write Common Sense to drum up support for the Revolutionary War
Exploration and Settlement
P.E.R.S. - everything we study in this class and throughout history falls into a political cause/effect, economic cause/effect, religious cause/effect, or a social cause/effect
Christopher Columbus - Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and discovered the Caribbean (Cuba area) in 1492 effectively starting the colonization race of North America as we know it in the U.S.
Columbian Exchange - the exchange of ideas, goods, people, diseases, animals, foods, and much more from the Old World to the New World and back.
Causes of European Exploration - many European countries needed colonies around the world to promote their ways of life and/or get rich on resources. Religion, Economics, and Becoming famous are major reasons for exploration of the world which lead to colonization
Effects of European Exploration - exploration usually leads to colonization. Immigrants have brought with them their cultural ideologies, their religions, foods, and so on which have helped to shape many areas of North America and Europe.
1607 - the year Jamestown Settlement was founded in Virginia
Jamestown - the first American (British) colony founded in 1607 along the James River of what is now the state of Virginia.
Pocahontas - The Native American princess of the Powhatan tribe who befriended Capt. John Smith and was able to communicate effectively with the English settlers. She played an important role in the early survival of Jamestown.
Capt. John Smith - the English captain who became friends with Pocahontas and ultimately led the colony
John Rolfe - colonists who eventually married Pocahontas and took her back to Great Britain
Mercantilism - the economic policy enacted by Great Britain that states: all of its colonies are created and survive only to benefit the Mother Country, which of course is Great Britain. All resources and profits are property of the Mother Country.
Triangular Trade - The trade system from Europe, to Africa, then to North America. The middle leg (2) was called the Middle Passage because it was the part of the triangle where slaves were transported
Middle Passage - The second part (leg) of the Triangle Trade where slaves were brought from Africa to North America
Indentured Servants - A person who owes a debt and is someone's servant (like a slave perhaps) for only a period of time until such debt is paid. There were indentured servants who were brought from Europe to North America and then eventually freed.
Slaves - someone who is forced to work without pay and has almost no chance of freedom
Motives for Settlement - People needed to find work (jobs), land for their families, new starts, to escape debt and other troubles, to escape religious persecution, some people might have viewed resettlement as an adventure
Political Freedom - Having the ability and will to be an active part of your government aside from its leadership, people wanted to escape the tyranny of their home countries such as Great Britain and the king, Spain and its monarchy, etc. People wanted to govern themselves collectively.
Economic Opportunity - People need jobs and they don't want to be told by the government what, where, how much, or who to sell to. People wanted the ability to create their own fortune and successes without interference from government.
Religious Freedom - People wanted to be able to worship who and they way they pleased without interference from the government. Catholics and Protestants, Jews, Quakers, Mormons, and so on moved from Europe to practice their religion without persecution.
Social Mobility - People wanted the ability to pick up and leave as they needed, and for whatever reason
People wanted the opportunity to move from one place to another and either occupy their same social classes (those that were happy where they were) or have the opportunity to move vertically (up) in social class and status by changing locations. If a person stayed in the same class as they were before it is called horizontal mobility and if they moved up it is called vertical mobility.
Cash Crop - a plant (crop) that is grown and harvested for the sole purpose of making money buy selling or trading it for money or other goods. Tobacco and cotton were two of America's premier (greatest) cash crops.
Import - to buy goods from another country, to bring them in to your country
Export - to sell goods to another country, goods exit your country
Profit - when you sell more than you buy, when you export more than you import
Separatists - Someone who separates from their home country for a particular reason. The Pilgrims/Puritans of Massachusetts Colony were considered Separatists because they wanted to separate from the influence of the Church of England.
Subsistence Agriculture (Farming) - Farmers who grow just enough good for themselves, generally not to sell, only consume. Very small operations.
Primary Sources - a source someone would use as evidence when presenting a speech, story, paper, etc. Primary sources are first-hand knowledge (first-hand accounts are diaries, letters written by witnesses, interviews of witnesses, etc.)
Secondary Sources - also a source someone would use as evidence when presenting ideas in the forms of papers, speeches, and stories, etc. However, a secondary source is a source of someone with knowledge of an event but not necessarily someone who participated in or were at the event when it happened (someone who heard the story from their dad about their grandpa).
Pathways to the American Revolution
Great Awakening - religious revivals in America during the early 1700s where people began turning back to God for guidance and knowledge by hearing sermons at large gatherings
Enlightenment - Time period during the early 1700s where people began using logic and reasoning, science, to gain knowledge and understanding of the world around them rather than religion
John Locke - Philosopher who pushed the ideas that all humans were born with natural rights of equality, life, liberty, property just because they were born by their creator that no government can take away
Unalienable Rights - Ideas coming from the works of John Locke that Thomas Jefferson used in the Declaration of Independence. Everyone is entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Civic Virtue - acting for the greater good of the whole country rather than as a small group or individual
Natural Rights - Rights someone is born with given to them by the Creator of Man (Providence) that cannot be taken away
Self Governing - Colonists wanted to rule or govern themselves rather than have Great Britain control their every move. They believed they understood their problems more than a mother country 3,000 miles away
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - The first set of written laws in the 13 Colonies started in Connecticut when several different towns came together and decided to set basic rules for themselves as a whole group
Salutary Neglect - The act where the British did not effectively enforce their trade and other economic-driven laws because they were dealing with their own problems in Europe. The Colonists got so used to governing themselves and fending for themselves that they no longer believed they needed guidance from Britain.
Virginia House of Burgesses - The first representative government body in the 13 Colonies in Virginia
Colonial Assemblies - They got their start at the Virginia House of Burgesses. These were legislative bodies (like our Congress) made up of citizen representatives that helped to shape laws
Magna Carta - In 1215, English King John was forced by his barons (noble elite people) to sign the document that limited the king's power. King John was threatened that if he did not sign, the barons would take him off the throne by force.
July 4, 1776 - The signing of the Declaration of Independence, the day the Americans made it official. We have to win the war first though, to actually gain our independence
Crispus Attucks - see above
Benjamin Franklin - see above
Samuel Adams - see above
John Adams - see above
Paul Revere - see above
Thomas Jefferson - see above
Thomas Paine - see above
Boycott - To intentionally not buy British goods in order to economically hurt the "Mother Country," in protest of abusive taxes and tyranny
Tyranny - Cruel and oppressive (harmful) government rule. King George III ruled in a tyrannical way throughout his empire.
Patriot - A colonist who is in support of the efforts of the Americans to gain independence from the British
Loyalist - A colonists who stays loyal to the British during the American Revolution
Colonial Grievances - A list of problems, issues, the colonists wanted King George to correct. They pleaded with him to fix these abuses at the First Continental Congress with no success.
Committees of Correspondence - a shadowy and secret effort by colonists and the Sons of Liberty to send messages (letters and such) about the evils of the British to other colonies and foreign governments. They played a huge role in the propaganda campaign against the British.
Sons of Liberty - A protest group of patriots who made many efforts successfully to disrupt and cause harm to British rule in the colonies through mob riots, tarring and feathering, and property damage. They tried to encourage independence from Britain.
Albany Plan of Union - In 1754, Benjamin Franklin introduced is "Join or Die" political cartoon to get a united government in the colonies
French and Indian War - A war between the French and their Indian allies against the British, British colonists, and their Indian allies over land in the Ohio River Valley, and control of the fur trade. This war was won by the British, but caused major debt and was the first step in the lead up to the American Revolution.
Proclamation of 1763 - King George III went back on a promise to allow the 13 colonies to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Ohio River Valley for fear that re-settlement would lead to another war with the Indians.
Treaty of Paris of 1763 - The treaty that ended the French and Indian War
Sugar Act - Tax on sugar and molasses by the British
Quartering Act - Law that required colonists to house and feed British troops in their homes. The colonists HATED this.
Stamp Act - Tax on paper goods by the British
Townshend Acts - Revenue Tax on paper, lead, paint, glass, tea
Boston Massacre - British fired on colonists in Boston in 1770 during a protest against the British. Paul Revere's print about the event lead to widespread distrust and hatred of the British across the colonies. This was a major step in the lead up to the American Revolution.
Tea Act - Tax on tea by the British
Boston Tea Party - Sons of Liberty dressed up as Indians and climbed aboard ships and threw British tea into the Boston harbor to protest the new British Tea Act
Intolerable/Coercive Acts - the results or punishment of the colonists by the British for the Boston Tea Party. 1. Closed the Boston Harbor, 2. Pay back the cost of tea, 3. Expanded the Quartering Act, 4. No Town Meetings
First Continental Congress - the secret meeting of delegates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774 from all the colonies except for Georgia to discuss the next step in the abuses of the British toward the colonies. They want to give peace another chance. They make their list of grievances to King George III who ignores them.
Lexington and Concord - British came to take colonists' guns in Lexington, Massachusetts in April 1775. No one knows who fired the "shot heard 'round the world," but it was the first shot and first battle of the American Revolution. The colonies declare their independence as a result of this.
Common Sense - pamphlet (like a telegram/magazine) discussing American need for independence. It was written by Thomas Paine, a patriot, and one of the Sons of Liberty. It was one of the most if not THE MOST influential document in convincing colonists to side with the Americans in gaining independence.
Second Continental Congress - 1775, all colonies except for Georgia meet in again in Philadelphia to discuss declaring independence after Lexington and Concord. The document is written by Thomas Jefferson and signed by 56 men who are putting their lives on the line by signing because they immediately become rebels and traitors to Great Britain.
Declaration of Independence - finished and signed on July 4, 1776, officially declaring colonial independence from Great Britain. They aren't actually officially independent though until they fight and win the American Revolution.
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
GOVERNMENT
Articles of Confederation
Constitution
Unalienable
Republican
Compromise
Federalism
Federalist
Anti-Federalist
Federalist-Papers
Convention
Ratification (Ratify)
Daniel Shays
Shays's Rebellion
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise